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--- en:infra-convert:user:terms [2019/10/02 14:13]
me [Measurement (sizes-)]
+++ en:infra-convert:user:terms [2020/05/15 15:27]
me
@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
  **M**\\
  • [[en:infra-convert:user:terms#Measurement (sizes-)]]\\
+ **N**\\
+ • [[en:infra-convert:user:terms#Numerical precision]]\\
  **P**\\
  • [[en:infra-convert:user:terms#Project]]\\
  **S**\\
+ • [[en:infra-convert:user:terms#Simplified indications]]\\
  • [[en:infra-convert:user:terms#Specification operators and modifiers (ISO GPS)]]\\
  • [[en:infra-convert:user:terms#Stamp/stamps]]\\
@@ Line 116: / Line 119: @@
 ==== Class (characteristic-) ====
-The specification of →[[en:infra-convert:user:terms#Characteristic (test-, quality-)|characteristics]] in the technical drawings follows defined rules. Such rules are laid down in international and national norms, but also company publications (factory standards). Misunderstandings are avoided between the customer and the supplier when reference is made to rules of interpretation, despite a reduction in the documentation effort required. A **class** in the context of test planning can be considered such a reference
+The specification of →[[en:infra-convert:user:terms#Characteristic (test-, quality-)|characteristics]] in the technical drawings follows defined rules. Such rules are laid down in international and national norms, but also company publications (factory standards). Misunderstandings are avoided between the customer and the supplier when reference is made to rules of interpretation, despite a reduction in the documentation effort required. A **class** refers to a rule and thus specifies the context in which the characteristic properties are to be understood.
 The classes listed at this point, sorted into the following groups, can be assigned in #@IC_HTML@#. The classes relate to recognised standards (see “References” column). Unless otherwise stated, the unit of measurement always applies to tolerance limits as well.
@@ Line 161: / Line 164: @@
 ^ Square |  {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:icon_klasse_quadrat.png?nolink&35|}}  | Edge length of a square shape.\\ \\ **Standard measurement unit** Millimetres\\ \\ Example:\\ {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:grafik_quadrat.png?direct&420|}} | • DIN 406-10:1992\\ • DIN 406-11:1992 |  82  |  –  |
 ^ Width across flats |  {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:icon_klasse_schluesselweite.png?nolink&35|}}  | Distance between two parallel surfaces, which is mostly used for positioning wrenches.\\ \\ **Standard measurement unit** Millimetres\\ \\ Example:\\ {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:grafik_schluesselweite.png?direct&420|}} | • DIN 406-10:1992\\ • DIN 406-11:1992 |  83  |  −  |
-^ Slope (gradient) |  {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:icon_klasse_dreieck.png?nolink&35|}}  | Slope ratio of an oblique line or area.\\ \\ **Standard measurement unit** –\\ \\ Example:\\ {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:grafik_neigung_verhaeltnis.png?direct&420|}} | • DIN 406-10:1992\\ • DIN 406-11:1992 |  84  |  −  |
+^ Slope (gradient) |  {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:icon_klasse_dreieck.png?nolink&35|}}  | Slope ratio of an oblique line or area.\\ \\ **Standard measurement unit** –\\ \\ Example:\\ {{ :en:infra-convert:user:terms:grafik_neigung_verhaeltnis.png?400 | }} | • DIN 406-10:1992\\ • DIN 406-11:1992 |  84  |  −  |
 ^ Slope (gradient) in % |  {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:icon_klasse_dreieck.png?nolink&35|}}  | Slope ratio of an oblique line or area.\\ \\ **Standard measurement unit** Percent\\ \\ Example:\\ {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:grafik_neigung.png?direct&420|}} | • DIN 406-10:1992\\ • DIN 406-11:1992 |  85  |  −  |
 ^ Tapering |  {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:icon_klasse_kegel.png?nolink&35|}}  | Slope ratio of a pointed or blunt cone or flat surfaces standing symmetrically at an angle to each other.\\ \\ **Standard measurement unit** –\\ \\ Example:\\ {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:grafik_verjuengung.png?direct&420|}} | • DIN 406-11:1992 |  86  |  –  |
@@ Line 178: / Line 181: @@
 ^  :::  ^  :::  ^  :::  ^  :::  ^  ELIAS  ^  [[en:infra-convert:dev:export:dfd#K2009]]  ^
 ^ Straightness |  {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:icon_klasse_geradheit.png?nolink&35|}}  | Permissible shape deviation of a line or group of lines from a reference line or reference lines.\\ \\ **Standard measurement unit** Millimetres\\ \\ Example:\\ {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:form-_und_lagetoleranzen_geradheit-01.png?direct&420|}} | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014\\ • DIN EN ISO 12780-1:2014 |  7  |  100  |
+^ ::: |  :::  | **Straightness (shape ⌀)**\\ The tolerance range has a circular cross-section, see example. \\ \\ **Anmerkung** Available from program version 1.4.2.1 | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014\\ • DIN EN ISO 12780-1:2014 |  121  |  100  |
 ^ Flatness |  {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:icon_klasse_ebenheit.png?nolink&35|}}  | Permissible shape deviation of a surface from a reference plane.\\ \\ **Standard measurement unit** Millimetres\\ \\ Example:\\ {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:form-_und_lagetoleranzen_ebenheit-01.png?direct&420|}} | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014\\ • DIN EN ISO 12781-1:2011 |  8  |  101  |
 ^ Roundness |  {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:icon_klasse_rundheit.png?nolink&35|}}  | Permissible shape deviation of a circular line or group of circular lines from a reference circle or reference circles.\\ \\ **Standard measurement unit** Millimetres\\ \\ Example:\\ {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:form-_und_lagetoleranzen_rundheit-01.png?direct&420|}} | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014\\ • DIN EN ISO 12781-1:2011 |  9  |  102  |
@@ Line 184: / Line 188: @@
 ^ Surface profile |  {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:icon_klasse_flaechenprofil.png?nolink&35|}}  | Permissible deviation of a profile surface from a reference surface profile.\\ \\ **Standard measurement unit** Millimetres\\ \\ Example:\\ {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:form-_und_lagetoleranzen_profilform_flaeche-01.png?direct&420|}} | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014\\ • DIN EN ISO 1660:2013 |  12  |  105  |
 ^ Parallelism |  {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:icon_klasse_parallelitaet.png?nolink&35|}}  | Permissible deviation in direction of a line, group of lines or plane from one or several reference lines or plane(s) oriented parallel to it.\\ \\ **Standard measurement unit** Millimetres\\ \\ Example:\\ {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:form-_und_lagetoleranzen_parallelität-01.png?direct&420|}} | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014 |  13  |  108  |
+^ ::: |  :::  | **Parallelism (shape ⌀)**\\ The tolerance range has a circular cross-section.\\ \\ **Note** Available from program version 1.4.2.1 | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014\\ • DIN EN ISO 12780-1:2014 |  122  |  108  |
 ^ Perpendicularity |  {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:icon_klasse_rechtwinkligkeit.png?nolink&35|}}  | Permissible deviation in direction of a line, group of lines or plane from one or several reference lines or plane(s) oriented perpendicular to it.\\ \\ **Standard measurement unit** Millimetres\\ \\ Example:\\ {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:form-_und_lagetoleranzen_rechtwinkligkeit-01.png?direct&420|}} | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014 |  14  |  107  |
+^ ::: |  :::  | **Perpendicularity (shape ⌀)**\\ The tolerance range has a circular cross-section, see example.\\ \\ **Note** Available from program version 1.4.2.1 | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014\\ • DIN EN ISO 12780-1:2014 |  123  |  107  |
 ^ Inclination |  {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:icon_klasse_neigung.png?nolink&35|}}  | Permissible deviation in direction of a line, group of lines or plane from one or several reference lines or plane(s) oriented angular (but not perpendicular) to it.\\ \\ **Standard measurement unit** Millimetres\\ \\ Example:\\ {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:form-_und_lagetoleranzen_neigung-01.png?direct&420|}} | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014 |  15  |  106  |
+^ ::: |  :::  | **Inclination (shape ⌀)**\\ The tolerance range has a circular cross-section.\\ \\ **Note** Available from program version 1.4.2.1 | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014\\ • DIN EN ISO 12780-1:2014 |  124  |  106  |
 ^ Position |  {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:icon_klasse_position.png?nolink&35|}}  | Permissible positional deviation of a point, axis or plane from a reference point, reference line or plane positioned to it.\\ \\ **Standard measurement unit** Millimetres\\ \\ Example:\\ {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:form-_und_lagetoleranzen_position-01.png?direct&420|}} | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014\\ • DIN EN ISO 5458:1999 |  22  |  109  |
+^ ::: |  :::  | **Position (shape ⌀)**\\ The tolerance range has a circular cross-section, see example.\\ \\ **Note** Available from program version 1.4.2.1 | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014\\ • DIN EN ISO 12780-1:2014 |  125  |  109  |
+^ ::: |  :::  | **Position (shape S⌀)**\\ The tolerance range has a circular cross-section.\\ \\ **Note** Available from program version 1.4.2.1 | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014\\ • DIN EN ISO 12780-1:2014 |  126  |  109  |
 ^ Concentricity |  {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:icon_klasse_konzentrizitaet.png?nolink&35|}}  | Permissible positional deviation of a point from a reference point concentric to it.\\ \\ **Standard measurement unit** Millimetres\\ \\ Example:\\ {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:form-_und_lagetoleranzen_konzentrizitaet-01.png?direct&420|}} | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014 |  21  |  110  |
+^ ::: |  :::  | **Concentricity (shape ⌀)**\\ The tolerance range has a circular cross-section, see example.\\ \\ **Note** Available from program version 1.4.2.1 | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014\\ • DIN EN ISO 12780-1:2014 |  128  |  110  |
 ^ Coaxiality |  {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:icon_klasse_konzentrizitaet.png?nolink&35|}}  | Permissible positional deviation of straight line from a straight reference line coaxial to it.\\ \\ **Standard measurement unit** Millimetres\\ \\ Example:\\ {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:form-_und_lagetoleranzen_koaxialitaet-01.png?direct&420|}} | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014 |  89  |  663  |
+^ ::: |  :::  | **Coaxiality (shape ⌀)**\\ The tolerance range has a circular cross-section, see example.\\ \\ **Note** Available from program version 1.4.2.1 | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014\\ • DIN EN ISO 12780-1:2014 |  127  |  110  |
 ^ Symmetry |  {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:icon_klasse_symmetrie.png?nolink&35|}}  | Permissible positional deviation of a point, group of points, straight line or plane from one or several reference point(s) or plane(s) lying symmetrical to it.\\ \\ **Standard measurement unit** Millimetres\\ \\ Example:\\ {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:form-_und_lagetoleranzen_symmetrie-01.png?direct&420|}} | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014 |  20  |  111  |
 ^ Radial concentric run-out |  {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:icon_klasse_rundlauf.png?nolink&35|}}  | Permissible radial running deviation of a circular line or group of circular lines to one or several reference circle(s) that lies coaxial to it.\\ \\ **Standard measurement unit** Millimetres\\ \\ Example:\\ {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:form-_und_lagetoleranzen_radialer_rundlauf-01.png?direct&420|}} | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014 |  16  |  112  |
@@ Line 436: / Line 447: @@
 Vector graphic formats, on the other hand, store graphic elements as unique, mathematically described graphic primitives. The latter mean basic geometric elements such as straight lines, arcs, and splines, as well as surfaces such as circles, polygons, and spline surfaces. Texts are stored either as polylines or with the help of character encoding (see also →[[en:infra-convert:user:terms#font|Font]]).
-> In #@IC_HTML@#, character-coded texts are a prerequisite for automatic feature recognition.
+> In #@IC_HTML@#, character-coded texts or embedded fonts are a prerequisite for automatic feature recognition.
 <WRAP group>
@@ Line 462: / Line 473: @@
 {{ :en:infra-convert:user:terms:pdf-format_schriften_als_geometrien.png?nolink&450 |}}
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+\\
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP column 40%>
+You can test whether a PDF contains coded text with a PDF reader. For example, open the PDF with Adobe Acrobat Reader, activate the selection tool, and move the pointer to a text. If the cursor changes to an {{:en:infra-convert:user:terms:icon_textcursor.png?nolink&0x15|}} and you can select the text, it is coded text.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP column 55%>
+{{ :en:infra-convert:user:terms:adobe_codierter_text_in_pdf.png?nolink&450 |}}
 </WRAP>
@@ Line 495: / Line 521: @@
 {{ :en:infra-convert:user:terms:schriftartdatei.png?nolink&700 |}}
-In addition to the purely visual representation of characters, the unambiguous definition of characters is important for the automatic analysis of technical drawings. PDF files are generally used to displaying characters correctly. This is because the character definitions used are saved in the file. This is (unfortunately) different with the CAD exchange formats DXF, DWG and IGES. In them only the references to characters are stored in font files. The font files are therefore required for correct display.
+In addition to the purely visual representation of characters, the unambiguous definition of characters is important for the automatic analysis of technical drawings. PDF files are generally used to displaying characters correctly. This is because the character definitions used are saved (embedded) in the file. This is (unfortunately) different with the CAD exchange formats DXF, DWG and IGES. In them only the references to characters are stored in font files. The font files are therefore required for correct display.
 > **Significance for #@IC_HTML@#** Fonts are protected by copyright. In most cases, the rights of use are only granted for a fee. The number of fonts used by CAD systems is immensely high. Supplying these fonts would disproportionately increase the cost of #@IC_HTML@# licenses. For this reason, #@IC_HTML@# replaces fonts not installed on the computer with visually similar fonts when loading drawing files. If this is the case, a note message is issued.
@@ Line 616: / Line 642: @@
 | NIST-19: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA: NIST Handbook 44 : Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices (Appendix C. General Tables of Units of Measurement) 2019.\\ *¹ Available from program version 1.2.0.23\\ *² Available from program version 1.3.9.5\\ *³ Available from program version 1.3.9.8 |||||
+\\
+----
+\\
+==== Numerical precision ====
+The numerical precision is relevant for the representation of numerical values. If a technical fact is described with numerical values, usually in the form of physical quantities or →[[en:infra-convert:user:terms#measurement_sizes|measurement sizes]], the
+accuracy of the displayed number should be in the same order of magnitude as the inaccuracy of the measure itself.
+For example, the maximum inaccuracy range of the value 23, if no further information is available, is 22.5 to <23.5. Finally, the value may have resulted from a rounding operation. The last significant digit, here the "3", is the digit that was rounded or may have been rounded.
+|< 100% 15% 15% 30% 25% 15% >|
+^  Value  ^  Number of relevant digits  ^  Rounding range (absolute inaccuracy range)  ^  Size of the absolute inaccuracy range  ^  Size of relative inaccuracy  ^
+|  2**3**  |  2  |  22,5 to <23,5  |  1  |  4,35 %  |
+|  2,**3**  |  2  |  2,25 to <2,35  |  0,1  |  4,35 %  |
+|  23,**0**  |  3  |  22,95 to <23,05  |  0,1  |  0,435 %  |
+|  2**3**00  |  2  |  2250 to <2350  |  100  |  4,35 %  |
+|  0,00023**0**  |  3  |  0,0002295 to <0,0002305  |  0,000001  |  0,435 %  |
+The number of significant or relevant digits in a decimal number can be identified as follows (see also "DIN EN ISO 80000-1:2013-08, Chapter 7.3.4 Deviation and uncertainty"):
+  - The number is viewed from left to right. The first non-zero digit is the first relevant digit.
+  - Following zeros are also relevant, especially if they are to the right of the decimal point.
+  - Zeros to the left of the comma are only relevant if at least one other digit, including zero, follows to the right of the comma.
+The numerical accuracy common in technology ("slide rule accuracy") is achieved by rounding a value so that three significant digits remain. Unless the first significant digit is a one, four significant digits should remain.
 \\
@@ Line 642: / Line 695: @@
 Even if it is technically possible, a project should always only refer to an object that is subject to a test and, if necessary, follow-up tests. This may be, for example, the initial sampling of a product and its subsequent re-sampling (first-piece approvals, requalifications).
+\\
+----
+\\
+==== Simplified indications ====
+By using a **simplified specification**, requirements for a geometry element are specified in simplified form and explained elsewhere in the drawing, for example next to a view or near the title block. This type of specification can be useful if there is not enough space available in a view or if a specification applies to several separate geometry elements and is specified more than once.
+The following example shows the principle for surface specifications and geometric tolerance specifications.
+{{ :en:infra-convert:user:terms:vereinfachte_angaben.png?nolink&600 |}}
 \\

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