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Terms
Important terms are explained in the following.
Category (characteristic-)
→Characteristics are handled differently depending on their relevance in tests. The classification is undertaken by assigning a category. The default six categories are fixed because they are directly linked to recognition routines. They may be named differently. A further gradation of the examination relevance can be made by assigning →Tags.
Note Categories do not replace one-to-one the “feature types” used in infra - CONVERT. Characteristic types were not automatically recognized and assigned, except to a limited extent in later program versions the “Feature type 1 - Special features”. If user-defined characteristic types were defined there that do not correspond to one of the categories in infra CONVERT, you can now work with tags in this sense.
The following categories can be assigned in infra CONVERT:
| Category | Description | References | ID |
|---|---|---|---|
| Standard characteristic | Characteristic that is not assigned to any of the following categories. | – | 1 |
| Special characteristic | A critical characteristic that deserves special attention. If the implementation of the characteristic does not correspond to the drawing specifications, a potential risk to functions (operational safety, interchangeability, service life, etc.) has to be expected to a great extent. Example of tagging:  | – | 2 |
| Auxiliary measurement | Measurement that is not required for the geometric determination of a part and is not considered an integral part of the contract. Example for the tagging:  | • DIN 406-10:1992-12 | 3 |
| Rough measurement | Measurement that refers to the initial state of an object. Example for the tagging:  | • DIN 406-10:1992-12 | 4 |
| Theoretically accurate measurement | Measurement for indication of the geometrically ideal (theoretically precise) position or shape of the dimensioned shape element. Example for the tagging:  | • DIN 406-10:1992-12 | 5 |
| Test measurement | Measurement that must be given special attention when determining the extent of the test / test accuracy. Example for the tagging:  | • DIN 406-10:1992-12 | 6 |
CAQ/MES
The business processes within manufacturing companies are controlled using management systems. Today, these are almost completely realized with powerful information systems. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is the higher-level control system of a company. The efficient use of resources is planned and controlled with this, see the following figure; resources can include capital, personnel, resources, infrastructure, materials, etc.
The personnel resources (management, process engineers, maintenance personnel, machine operators, etc.) and material resources (production means: manufacturing equipment, measurement devices, transportation means, packaging materials etc.) on the production level must be managed preferably in real time due to the continuously increasing complexity, speed and quality requirements of adequately efficient management information systems. The ERP system is unsuitable for process-oriented, process-specific tasks due to the requirements of company-wide data management (size, “inertia”). Task-related management systems are therefore interposed between the corporate management and production level. Collectively these are referred to as the Manufacturing Execution System (MES). MES functionalities support, among other things, detailed planning, implementation and control of production processes.
Company objectives relating to quality assurance and enhancement are today being increasingly supported by Computer Aided Quality Management (CAQ). Quality-related parameters can be analyzed and documented along the entire product life cycle in order to derive corrective measures from the results if necessary. Therefore, they are an important instrument in the MES.
Characteristic (test-, quality-)
Quality-relevant demands on a product (individual component, module) are essentially of a geometric and material nature. The geometry of a workpiece (or a module) is determined by the creation and modification (transformation, reproduction, referencing) of construction elements on a step by step basis (also: geometric primitives, shape elements, user defined features). Creation and modification operations require special parameters for unique identifiability, such as diameter and length of a cylinder. These are presented on the technical drawing together with other identifying information, such as material and surface specifications. The manufacturing and testing processes are based on these characteristics, as they are especially referred to in testing.
A differentiation is made between variable and attributive characteristics for test tasks here:
Variable characteristics are requirements that can be quantified. These relate to values that are associated with a tolerance and can be queried with a numerical value and a unit (→(Size-)measurements).
Attributive characteristics can only be assessed qualitatively. They are queried with fulfilled/not fulfilled or OK/NOK. Examples include “All edges deburred.”, “Pin holes drilled in composite.”, “Protection class IP 44”.
Characteristics can also be sorted by →Classes.
Class (characteristic-)
The specification of →characteristics in the technical drawings follows defined rules. Such rules are laid down in international and national norms, but also company publications (factory standards). Misunderstandings are avoided between the customer and the supplier when reference is made to rules of interpretation, despite a reduction in the documentation effort required. A class in the context of test planning can be considered such a reference
The classes listed at this point, sorted into the following groups, can be assigned in infra CONVERT. The classes relate to recognised standards (see “References” column). Unless otherwise stated, the unit of measurement always applies to tolerance limits as well.
Note Class designations and associated measurement units can be changed by your CAQ system provider or administrator, see Administrator’s Guide infra CONVERT > Configuration and Import > "CharacteristicClasses” parameter file. We would be pleased to add another class should you require it.
Note Sorting by groups will also be applied in the software in the future.
Classes: lengths and angles
| Class | Symbol/tag | Description | References (Selection) | ID | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ELIAS | K2009 | ||||
| Length | – | Linear expansion of a geometric element or linear distance between geometric elements. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN 406-10:1992 • DIN 406-11:1992 • DIN 406-12:1992 • DIN EN ISO 286-1:2010 | 0 | 200 |
| Angle | – | Difference in the direction of two half-lines in the plane originating from a common point Standard measurement unit Degrees Example:  | • DIN 406-10:1992 • DIN 406-11:1992 • DIN 406-12:1992 • DIN 1315:1982 | 2 | 203 |
| Coordinates | – | Designation of the positions of points in the range. The coordinate measurements relate to a coordinate origin. Cartesian and polar coordinate systems are mostly used. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN 406-11:1992 | 65 | 117 |
| X coordinate | – | Length measurement on the X axis in a Cartesian coordinate system. Standard measurement unit Millimetres | • DIN 406-11:1992 | 57 | 120 |
| Y coordinate | – | Length measurement on the Y axis in a Cartesian coordinate system. Standard measurement unit Millimetres | • DIN 406-11:1992 | 58 | 121 |
| Z coordinate | – | Length measurement on the Z axis in a Cartesian coordinate system. Standard measurement unit Millimetres | • DIN 406-11:1992 | 59 | 122 |
Classes: simple geometries
| Class | Symbol/tag | Description | References (Selection) | ID | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ELIAS | K2009 | ||||
| Radius |  | Distance between the centre of a circle and the circumference. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN 250:2002 • DIN 406-10:1992 • DIN 406-11:1992 | 1 | 201 |
| Spherical radius |  | Distance between the centre of a sphere and the sphere surface. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN 250:2002 • DIN 406-10:1992 • DIN 406-11:1992 | 80 | 210 |
| Diameter |  | Largest possible distance between two points on a circumference. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN 406-10:1992 • DIN 406-11:1992 | 2 | 202 |
| Spherical diameter |  | Largest possible distance between two points on a sphere surface. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN 406-10:1992 • DIN 406-11:1992 | 81 | 210 |
| Square |  | Edge length of a square shape. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN 406-10:1992 • DIN 406-11:1992 | 82 | – |
| Width across flats |  | Distance between two parallel surfaces, which is mostly used for positioning wrenches. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN 406-10:1992 • DIN 406-11:1992 | 83 | − |
| Slope (gradient) |  | Slope ratio of an oblique line or area. Standard measurement unit – Example:  | • DIN 406-10:1992 • DIN 406-11:1992 | 84 | − |
| Slope (gradient) in % | | Slope ratio of an oblique line or area. Standard measurement unit Percent Example:  | • DIN 406-10:1992 • DIN 406-11:1992 | 85 | − |
| Tapering |  | Slope ratio of a pointed or blunt cone or flat surfaces standing symmetrically at an angle to each other. Standard measurement unit – Example:  | • DIN 406-11:1992 | 86 | – |
| Tapering in % | | Slope ratio of a pointed or blunt cone or flat surfaces standing symmetrically at an angle to each other. Standard measurement unit Percent Example:  | • DIN 406-11:1992 | 87 | – |
| Cone angle | – | Point angle of a pointed or blunt cone. Standard measurement unit Degrees Example:  | – | 6 | 206 |
| Arc |  | Length of an arched line. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN 406-10:1992 • DIN 406-11:1992 | 88 | − |
| Ellipse large ∅ | – | Largest diameter of an ellipse. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | – | 5 | 204 |
| Ellipse small ∅ | – | Smallest diameter of an ellipse. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | – | 4 | 205 |
Classes: geometric tolerance (shape, direction, position and run)
| Class | Symbol/tag | Description | References (Selection) | ID | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ELIAS | K2009 | ||||
| Straightness |  | Permissible shape deviation of a line or group of lines from a reference line or reference lines. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014 • DIN EN ISO 12780-1:2014 | 7 | 100 |
| Flatness |  | Permissible shape deviation of a surface from a reference plane. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014 • DIN EN ISO 12781-1:2011 | 8 | 101 |
| Roundness |  | Permissible shape deviation of a circular line or group of circular lines from a reference circle or reference circles. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014 • DIN EN ISO 12781-1:2011 | 9 | 102 |
| Cylindricity |  | Permissible shape deviation of a cylindrical surface from a reference cylinder. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014 • DIN EN ISO 12180-1:2011 | 10 | 103 |
| Line profile |  | Permissible deviation of a profile line or group of profile lines from a reference line profile or from reference line profiles. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014 • DIN EN ISO 1660:2013 | 11 | 104 |
| Surface profile |  | Permissible deviation of a profile surface from a reference surface profile. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014 • DIN EN ISO 1660:2013 | 12 | 105 |
| Parallelism |  | Permissible deviation in direction of a line, group of lines or plane from one or several reference lines or plane(s) oriented parallel to it. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014 | 13 | 108 |
| Perpendicularity |  | Permissible deviation in direction of a line, group of lines or plane from one or several reference lines or plane(s) oriented perpendicular to it. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014 | 14 | 107 |
| Inclination |  | Permissible deviation in direction of a line, group of lines or plane from one or several reference lines or plane(s) oriented angular (but not perpendicular) to it. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014 | 15 | 106 |
| Position |  | Permissible positional deviation of a point, axis or plane from a reference point, reference line or plane positioned to it. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014 • DIN EN ISO 5458:1999 | 22 | 109 |
| Concentricity |  | Permissible positional deviation of a point from a reference point concentric to it. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014 | 21 | 110 |
| Coaxiality | | Permissible positional deviation of straight line from a straight reference line coaxial to it. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014 | 89 | 663 |
| Symmetry |  | Permissible positional deviation of a point, group of points, straight line or plane from one or several reference point(s) or plane(s) lying symmetrical to it. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014 | 20 | 111 |
| Radial concentric run-out |  | Permissible radial running deviation of a circular line or group of circular lines to one or several reference circle(s) that lies coaxial to it. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014 | 16 | 112 |
| Axial concentric run-out | | Permissible axial running deviation of a circular line or group of circular lines to one or several reference circle(s) that lies coaxial to it. Also called lateral run. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014 | 17 | 118 |
| Radial total concentric run-out |  | Permissible radial running deviation of a rotational surface to a rotational surface that lies coaxial to it. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014 | 18 | 113 |
| Axial total concentric run-out | | Permissible axial running deviation of a plane or rotational surface to a plane or rotational surface that lies coaxial to it. Also called total lateral run. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN EN ISO 1101:2014 | 19 | − |
Classes: thread
| Class | Symbol/tag | Description | References (Selection) | ID | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ELIAS | K2009 | ||||
| Thread | – | Fastening or transmission threads of various systems, e.g. metric ISO thread or inch ISO pipe thread. Standard measurement unit – Example:  | • DIN 202:1999 • DIN ISO 6410:1993 | 38 | − |
Classes: gearwheels
| Class | Symbol/tag | Description | References (Selection) | ID | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ELIAS | K2009 | ||||
| Pitch diameter | – | Diameter of the pitch circle / cylinder of a gearwheel. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN 3966-1:1978 | 90 | − |
| Root circle diameter | – | Diameter of a gearwheel in root height of the teeth. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN 3966-1:1978 | 91 | 612 |
| Tip circle diameter | – | Diameter of a gearwheel in tip height of the teeth. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN 3966-1:1978 • DIN 3966-2:1978 | 92 | 610 |
| Tooth thickness | – | Thickness of a gearwheel tooth on the pitch circle / pitch cylinder. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN 3966-1:1978 • DIN 3966-2:1978 | 120 | 211 |
| Tooth width | – | Tooth width over a number of k measurement teeth or measurement gaps. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN 3966-1:1978 • DIN 3966-2:1978 | 94 | 216 |
| Gap width | – | Tooth gap width on the pitch circle / pitch cylinder. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN 3966-1:1978 • DIN 3966-2:1978 | 95 | 617 |
Classes: edge conditions
| Class | Symbol/tag | Description | References (Selection) | ID | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Edge with indeterminate shape |  | Workpiece edge without a precisely determined shape. A deviation from an ideal geometric shape is permissible depending on burr and breakage direction as well as edge dimension. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN ISO 13715:2000 | 34 | − |
| Chamfer | – | Workpiece edge in the form of a specific, chamfered surface. Example:  | • DIN 406-10:1992 • DIN 406-11:1992 | 33 | − |
| Curve | – | Workpiece edge in the form of a specific, rounded surface. Standard measurement unit Millimetres Example:  | • DIN 406-10:1992 • DIN 406-11:1992 | 35 | − |
Classes: surface parameters
Structure of drawing entries
The requirements of surface properties are entered into the drawing using a graphical symbol. The position and structure of the fields for individual entries is determined as follows (cf. DIN EN ISO 1302:2002-06):
| Class | Symbol/tag | Description | References (Selection) | ID | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ELIAS | K2009 | ||||
| Smoothing depth (peak) |  | Vertical parameter of the roughness profile. Height of the largest profile peak within the measuring section ln. Standard measurement unit Micrometres  | • DIN EN ISO 4287:2010 • DIN EN ISO 4288:1998 • DIN EN ISO 1302:2002 | 96 | – |
| Smoothing depth (valley) |  | Vertical parameter of the roughness profile. Depth of the largest profile valley within the measuring section. Standard measurement unit Micrometres  | • DIN EN ISO 4287:2010 • DIN EN ISO 4288:1998 • DIN EN ISO 1302:2002 | 97 | – |
| Average roughness depth |  | Vertical parameter of the roughness profile. Sum of the height of the largest profile peak and the depth of the largest profile valley within a single measurement section. Standard measurement unit Micrometres  | • DIN EN ISO 4287:2010 • DIN EN ISO 4288:1998 • DIN EN ISO 1302:2002 | 23 | 150 |
| Maximum average roughness depth |  | This parameter is a variation of the regular requirement for the average roughness depth. The specified variable is not to be interpreted with the 16 % rule, but with the maximum value rule. “Rmax” is also commonly used as an indicator. Standard measurement unit Micrometres | • DIN EN ISO 4287:2010 • DIN EN ISO 4288:1998 • DIN EN ISO 1302:2002 | 31 | 158 |
| Average profile element height |  | Vertical parameter of the roughness profile. Average value of the height of the profile elements within a single measuring section. A profile element is formed based on a consecutive profile valley and a profile peak. Standard measurement unit Micrometres  | • DIN EN ISO 4287:2010 • DIN EN ISO 4288:1998 • DIN EN ISO 1302:2002 | 98 | – |
| Total height |  | Vertical parameter of the primary profile. Sum of the height of the largest profile peak and the depth of the largest profile valley within the section. Standard measurement unit Micrometres  | • DIN EN ISO 4287:2010 • DIN EN ISO 4288:1998 • DIN EN ISO 1302:2002 | 26 | 153 |
| Total height |  | Vertical parameter of the roughness profile. Sum of the height of the largest profile peak and the depth of the largest profile valley within the section. Standard measurement unit Micrometres  | • DIN EN ISO 4287:2010 • DIN EN ISO 4288:1998 • DIN EN ISO 1302:2002 | 93 | – |
| Total height |  | Vertical parameter of the waviness profile. Sum of the height of the largest profile peak and the depth of the largest profile valley within the section. Standard measurement unit Micrometres  | • DIN EN ISO 4287:2010 • DIN EN ISO 4288:1998 • DIN EN ISO 1302:2002 | 30 | 157 |
| Arithmetic average roughness value |  | Vertical parameter of the roughness profile. Arithmetic average of the sums of the amplitude values within a single measuring section. Standard measurement unit Micrometres  | • DIN EN ISO 4287:2010 • DIN EN ISO 4288:1998 • DIN EN ISO 1302:2002 | 25 | 152 |
| Quadratic average roughness value |  | Vertical parameter of the roughness profile. Quadratic average of the amplitude values within a single measuring section. Standard measurement unit Micrometres  | • DIN EN ISO 4287:2010 • DIN EN ISO 4288:1998 • DIN EN ISO 1302:2002 | 99 | – |
| Profile skew |  | Vertical parameter of the roughness profile. Measurement for the asymmetry of the amplitude density curve within a single measuring section. The amplitude density curve reflects the amplitude part in each horizontal sectional plane. Standard measurement unit Micrometres  | • DIN EN ISO 4287:2010 • DIN EN ISO 4288:1998 • DIN EN ISO 1302:2002 | 100 | – |
| Profile steepness |  | Vertical parameter of the roughness profile. Measurement for the steepness of the amplitude density curve within a single measuring section. The amplitude density curve reflects the amplitude part in each horizontal sectional plane. Standard measurement unit Micrometres  | • DIN EN ISO 4287:2010 • DIN EN ISO 4288:1998 • DIN EN ISO 1302:2002 | 101 | – |
| Average groove width |  | Horizontal parameter of the roughness profile. Average value of the profile elements within a single measuring section. Standard measurement unit Micrometres  | • DIN EN ISO 4287:2010 • DIN EN ISO 4288:1998 • DIN EN ISO 1302:2002 | 102 | – |
| Peak count |  | Horizontal parameter of the roughness profile. Number of average widths of the profile elements in a predefined length, standard 10mm. Standard measurement unit –  | • DIN EN ISO 4287:2010 • DIN EN ISO 4288:1998 • DIN EN ISO 1302:2002 | 103 | – |
| Average profile gradient |  | Mixed (vertical and horizontal) parameter of the roughness profile. Quadratic average of the local profile gradient within a single measuring section. Standard measurement unit Micrometres  | • DIN EN ISO 4287:2010 • DIN EN ISO 4288:1998 • DIN EN ISO 1302:2002 | 104 | – |
| Material share |  | Parameter from the Abbott-Firestone curve (AF curve) of the primary profile. Material share in a cutting line height relative to the share in a reference cutting line height. The AF curve reflects the cumulative frequency of the amplitude values within a measuring section. Standard measurement unit Percent | • DIN EN ISO 4287:2010 • DIN EN ISO 4288:1998 • DIN EN ISO 1302:2002 | 70 | 160 |
| Material share |  | Parameter from the Abbott-Firestone curve (AF curve) of the roughness profile. Material share in a cutting line height relative to the share in a reference cutting line height. The AF curve reflects the cumulative frequency of the amplitude values within a measuring section. Standard measurement unit Percent  | • DIN EN ISO 4287:2010 • DIN EN ISO 4288:1998 • DIN EN ISO 1302:2002 | 105 | 193 |
| Core roughness depth |  | Parameter of the roughness core profile. Total height of the roughness core profile within the measuring section. The roughness core profile is the roughness profile without projecting peaks and deep valleys. Standard measurement unit Micrometres  | • DIN EN ISO 13565-2:1998 • DIN EN ISO 1302:2002 | 27 | 154 |
| Smallest material share |  | Parameter of the roughness core profile. Material share in percent at the level of the cutting line, which separates the projecting peaks from the roughness core profile. The roughness core profile is the roughness profile without projecting peaks and deep valleys. Standard measurement unit Percent  | • DIN EN ISO 13565-2:1998 • DIN EN ISO 1302:2002 | 71 | 161 |
| Largest material share |  | Parameter of the roughness core profile. Material share in percent at the level of the cutting line, which separates the deep valleys from the roughness core profile. The roughness core profile is the roughness profile without projecting peaks and deep valleys. Standard measurement unit Percent  | • DIN EN ISO 13565-2:1998 • DIN EN ISO 1302:2002 | 72 | 162 |
| Reduced peak height |  | Average height of the projecting peaks above the roughness core profile. The roughness core profile is the roughness profile without projecting peaks and deep valleys. Standard measurement unit Micrometres  | • DIN EN ISO 13565-2:1998 • DIN EN ISO 1302:2002 | 28 | 155 |
| Reduced groove depth |  | Average depth of the profile valleys below the roughness core profile. The roughness core profile is the roughness profile without projecting peaks and deep valleys. Standard measurement unit Micrometres  | • DIN EN ISO 13565-2:1998 • DIN EN ISO 1302:2002 | 156 | |
| Base roughness depth |  | Vertical parameter of the roughness profile. Amplitude value of the third highest profile peak from the third largest profile valley. Standard measurement unit Micrometres  | Not officially standardised. | 32 | 159 |
| Additional surface specifications | – | Machining allowance, position and orientation of surface grooves. Standard measurement unit – | • DIN EN ISO 1302:2002 | 118 | – |
| Layer thickness | – | Material thickness of one or more coatings over a surface. Standard measurement unit Millimetres | – | 64 | 260 |
Classes: material properties
| Class | Symbol/tag | Description | References (Selection) | ID | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ELIAS | K2009 | ||||
| Material | – | Material, identifiable by a unique abbreviation or number. Standard measurement unit – | – | 74 | – |
| Volumes in mm³ | – | Spatial contents of a geometric body. Standard measurement unit Cubic millimetres | – | 106 | 270 |
| Volumes in cm³ | – | Spatial contents of a geometric body. Standard measurement unit Cubic centimetres | – | 107 | 270 |
| Volumes in dm³ | – | Spatial contents of a geometric body. Standard measurement unit Cubic decimetres | – | 108 | 270 |
| Volumes in m³ | – | Spatial contents of a geometric body. Standard measurement unit Cubic metres | – | 65 | 270 |
| Mass in g | – | Property of a body specified by density and volume. Standard measurement unit Grams | 109 | 280 | |
| Mass in kg | – | Property of a body specified by density and volume. Standard measurement unit Kilograms | 66 | 280 | |
| Hardness | – | Hardness of a material. No defined parameters. Standard measurement unit – | – | 110 | 285 |
| Brinell hardness |  | Parameter for the hardness of a material, ascertained in the Brinell hardness test. The parameter is determined from the impression diameter of a carbide ball (loaded with the test force F) at a diameter D in the sample surface. Standard measurement unit –  | • DIN EN ISO 6506-1:2015 | 39 | – |
| Rockwell hardness |  | Parameter for the hardness of a material, ascertained in the Rockwell hardness test (hardness scale A). The parameter is determined from the penetration depth h of a diamond cone with the cone angle 120°, which is generated by the additional force F1 (the penetration depth generated by the advance test force F0 that is applied simultaneously is deducted from the total penetration depth here). Standard measurement unit –  | • DIN EN ISO 6508-1:2016 | 40 | – |
| Rockwell hardness |  | Parameter for the hardness of a material, ascertained in the Rockwell hardness test (hardness scale B). The parameter is determined from the penetration depth h of a carbide ball with the diameter D, which is generated by the additional force F1 (the penetration depth generated by the advance test force F0 that is applied simultaneously is deducted from the total penetration depth here). Standard measurement unit –  | • DIN EN ISO 6508-1:2016 | 41 | – |
| Rockwell hardness |  | Parameter for the hardness of a material, ascertained in the Rockwell hardness test (hardness scale C). The parameter is determined from the penetration depth h of a diamond cone with the cone angle 120°, which is generated by the additional force F1 (the penetration depth generated by the advance test force F0 that is applied simultaneously is deducted from the total penetration depth here). Standard measurement unit –  | • DIN EN ISO 6508-1:2016 | 42 | – |
| Rockwell hardness |  | Parameter for the hardness of a material, ascertained in the Rockwell hardness test (hardness scale F). The parameter is determined from the penetration depth h of a carbide ball with the diameter D, which is generated by the additional force F1 (the penetration depth generated by the advance test force F0 that is applied simultaneously is deducted from the total penetration depth here). Standard measurement unit –  | • DIN EN ISO 6508-1:2016 | 43 | – |
| Vickers hardness |  | Parameter for the hardness of a material, ascertained in the Vickers hardness test. The parameter is determined from the impression diagonal diameter of a diamond pyramid (with a quadratic base and a point angle of 136°), which is loaded with the test force F, in the sample surface Standard measurement unit –  | • DIN EN ISO 6507-1 | 44 | – |
| Martens hardness |  | Parameter for the hardness of a material, ascertained in the penetration test. The parameter is determined from the values of the force-penetration-depth curve, which is recorded during the penetration of a test body (various shapes and materials are permissible) under the force F. Standard measurement unit –  | • DIN EN ISO 14577-1:2015 | 45 | – |
| Ball indentation hardness | | Parameter for the hardness of plastics, ascertained in the ball indentation test. The parameter corresponds to the quotient on the test force F1 (in N) and the spherical cap surface A (in mm²) of the indentation after a defined time (the surface is calculated from the penetration depth h and the ball diameter. The penetration depth h is measured after the advance test force F0 is applied). Standard measurement unit –  | • DIN EN ISO 2039-1:2003 | 46 | – |
| Shore hardness |  | Parameter for the hardness of plastics, ascertained in the Shore hardness test (type A durometer). Standard measurement unit –  | • DIN EN ISO 868:2003 | 47 | – |
| Shore hardness |  | Parameter for the hardness of plastics, ascertained in the Shore hardness test (type D durometer). Standard measurement unit –  | • DIN EN ISO 868:2003 | 48 | – |
| Proof strength in MPa |  | Material parameter of a tensile test specimen determined in a tensile test with a continuous stress-strain curve. It indicates the stress R, which occurs in relation to the (initial) cross section of the specimen S0 at 0.1% plastic strain e. Standard measurement unit Megapascals  | • DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2017 | 49 | – |
| Proof strength in MPa |  | Material parameter of a tensile test specimen determined in a tensile test with a continuous stress-strain curve. It indicates the stress R, which occurs in relation to the (initial) cross section of the specimen S0 at 0.2% plastic strain e. Standard measurement unit Megapascals  | • DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2017 | 50 | – |
| Proof strength in MPa |  | Material parameter of a tensile test specimen determined in a tensile test with a continuous stress-strain curve. It indicates the stress R, which occurs in relation to the (initial)cross section of the specimen S0 at 1.0% plastic strain e. Standard measurement unit Megapascals  | • DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2017 | 51 | – |
| Yield strength in MPa |  | Material parameter of a metallic tensile test specimen determined in a tensile test with a pronounced stress-strain curve. It indicates the highest stress R, at which a first significant drop in the stress is encountered. Standard measurement unit Megapascals  | • DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2017 | 52 | – |
| Yield strength in MPa |  | Material parameter of a metallic tensile test specimen determined in a tensile test with a pronounced stress-strain curve. It indicates the lowest stress R during the plastic flow (Lüders strain) Standard measurement unit Megapascals  | • DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2017 | 53 | – |
| Tensile strength in MPa |  | Material parameter of a tensile test specimen determined in a tensile test with a pronounced or continuous stress-strain curve. It indicates the stress R at maximum force absorption. Example of a pronounced stress-strain curve:  Standard measurement unit Megapascals | • DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2017 | 54 | – |
| Elongation at break in % |  | Material parameter of a tensile test specimen determined in a tensile test with a pronounced or continuous stress-strain curve. It indicates the plastic specimen strain e in %, at which the sample breaks. Example of a pronounced stress-strain curve:  Standard measurement unit Percent | • DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2017 | 55 | – |
| Notch impact energy | – | In a standardized procedure, e.g. the Charpy test, determined material characteristic. It indicates the impact energy consumed in the fracture of a mostly notched specimen. Standard measurement unit Joule Simplified example of the Charpy impact test using a pendulum impact tester and a V-notched sample (K = consumed impact energy, Kp1 = potential initial energy, Kp2 = residual energy):  Note Available from program version 1.2.0.32 | • DIN EN ISO 148-1 | 129 | – |
Classes: physical sizes
| Class | Symbol/tag | Description | References (Selection) | ID | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ELIAS | K2009 | ||||
| Time in s | – | Time period between two events. Standard measurement unit Seconds | – | 111 | 800 |
| Time in min | – | Time period between two events. Standard measurement unit Minutes | – | 112 | 800 |
| Time in h | – | Time period between two events. Standard measurement unit Hours | – | 113 | 800 |
| Force in N | – | External influence on a body that can deform and accelerate it. Standard measurement unit Newtons | – | 67 | 282 |
| Force in kN | – | External influence on a body that can deform and accelerate it. Standard measurement unit Kilonewtons | – | 67 | 282 |
| Torque in Nm | – | External influence on torsion, determined by the product of the impacting force and the radial distance from the centre. Standard measurement unit Newton metres | • DIN 6790-1:2008 | 37 | 301 |
| Pressure in bar | – | Normal stress acting equally in all spatial directions. Standard measurement unit Bar | – | 63 | 255 |
| Temperature in °C | – | Temperature, specified in degrees Celsius. Standard measurement unit Degrees Celsius | – | 61 | 250 |
| Temperature in °F | – | Temperature, specified in degrees Fahrenheit. Standard measurement unit Degrees Fahrenheit | – | 62 | 251 |
| Spring rate in N/m | – | Parameter for the rigidity of a spring, specified as the ratio of the acting force to deflection. Standard measurement unit Newtons per metre | – | 60 | 220 |
| Rotational speed in 1/s | – | Angular velocity of a rotating body, specified in revolutions or angles per unit of time. Standard measurement unit Per second | • DIN ISO 21940-2:2017 | 115 | 350 |
| Rotational speed in 1/min | – | Angular velocity of a rotating body, specified in revolutions or angles per unit of time. Standard measurement unit Per minute | • DIN ISO 21940-2:2017 | 116 | 350 |
| Imbalance | – | Deviation of a rotating body caused by centrifugal force. Standard measurement unit – | – | 69 | 300 |
| Viscosity | – | Viscosity of a liquid or gas. Standard measurement unit – | – | 68 | 290 |
Classes: further information
| Class | Symbol/tag | Description | References (Selection) | ID | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ELIAS | K2009 | ||||
| Production process | – | Process of manufacturing workpieces by attaining the initial forms from a formless state, changing these forms, and altering material properties. Standard measurement unit – | • DIN EN ISO 6892-1:2017 | 117 | – |
| Text entry | – | Drawing entry in text form (characters, symbols, words, word groups, paragraphs, sentences, etc.) with or without direct reference to a characteristic. Standard measurement unit – | • DIN 6790-1:2008 | 75 | 310 |
| Welding joint | – | Specification of the requirements for a seam to be produced by welding, e.g. As type, thickness, length, quality, surface treatment, welding filler, testing requirements. Standard measurement unit – Note Available from program version 1.2.0.32 | – | 130 | – |
| Solder joint | – | Specification of the requirements for a seam to be produced by soldering, e.g. type, thickness, length, quality, surface treatment, solder, test requirements. Standard measurement unit – Note Available from program version 1.2.0.32 | – | 133 | – |
| Marking | – | Fixed or detachable with a workpiece or assembly to be connected in plain text or machine-readable information. Standard measurement unit – Note Available from program version 1.2.0.32 | – | 131 | – |
| Function | – | Task to be performed by the workpiece or assembly. Standard measurement unit – Note Available from program version 1.2.0.32 | – | 132 | – |
Drawing (technical)
A Technical drawing is part of the technical product documentation. It includes technical information, which is usually displayed graphically on an information medium to scale as well as two-dimensional and based on the agreed rules. (see DIN EN ISO 10209:2012)
Drawing sheet
A Drawing sheet is a section of a →Technical drawing, which has the same parts number as other sections, but its own representation and storage. (see DIN EN ISO 7200:2004)
The following terms apply to the structure of drawing sheets:
Drawing data format
Different data formats have been established for the exchange of →Technical drawings. All exchange formats transport at least the graphic information of a drawing printed on paper. Vector formats and specially developed drawing formats in particular also store information, which facilitate automated reading by computer programs.
A drawing is put together based on standards from graphic elements linear in shape as well as text elements. These standards are now widely recognized on an international level. The meaning is conveyed to the reader from the arrangement of the individual elements to each other. However, implementing this type of interpretation work in terms of software is complex and only possible to a very limited extent. Drawing formats therefore offer an additional means to store such information.
We have to initially differentiate between raster-bound and vector-based formats.
Raster graphics such as JPG, PNG, BMP, TIFF and GIF only transport graphical information addressed to the reader. Software can only retrieve the stored information by referring to the pixels (Pattern recognition). The technologies that are actually implemented focus on the text recognition, the so-called Optical Character Recognition (OCR). They have, at least in the area of technical drawings, a recognition rate of around 50%.
The adjacent illustration shows the structure of a raster graphic as an example.
Vector formats, in contrast, store graphic elements as unique, mathematically depicted graphic primitives (basic geometric elements such as straight lines, circular arcs and splines as well as surfaces such as circles, polygons and spline surfaces) as well as texts using character encoding. The Portable Document Format (PDF) supports vector-based data storage, for example.
Drawing formats also combine vector elements to groups or blocks that belong together and store group and drawing-related metadata in doing so. Views, hatchings, dimensional entries etc. remain identifiable as such. The Drawing Interchange File Format (DXF) released by Autodesk has become established as a global, neutral industry standard. Autodesk's own DWG format (from “drawing”) is also supported by the majority of CAD systems. infra CONVERT also supports the IGES format (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification).
The adjacent example illustrates vector elements as they can be displayed using a viewer based on a drawing format. The colors code the line widths. The monochrome display (text and graphic elements in one color) is preferred in infra CONVERT.
Tag
→Test characteristics can also be assigned individual tags in infra CONVERT in addition to →Categories. While categories indicate a basic handling of test characteristics (relevance for testing, based on standard specifications), tags are intended to support the test process by increasing the clarity. Thus, tags may refer to measuring stations, measuring devices or test intensity for example.
Assigned tags are exported by infra CONVERT in the test plan, provided that they are supported by export format. Tagged test characteristics are identified on the drawing by coloration of the stamp.
Example Graduation of special characteristics
Measurement (sizes-)
(Size-)measurements are used to specify geometric (and other) properties of a product. The meanings of important terms for geometric measurement specifications in infra CONVERT are defined below.
The following terms apply to linear measurement elements and measurement tolerances.
Project
Testing tasks are planned in infra CONVERT and are project based. A project contains the test plan versions, →Drawing sheets as well as project-related settings. This data is stored together in an ICPX file.
A project supports the versioning of →Test plans. Characteristics already identified and settings already made can be transferred from one test plan version into the next within a project.
Even if it is technically possible, a project should always only refer to an object that is subject to a test and, if necessary, follow-up tests. This may be, for example, the initial sampling of a product and its subsequent re-sampling (first-piece approvals, requalifications).
Stamp/stamps
Functions and properties of products are agreed and documented between customer and supplier in specifications, including →Technical drawings and Specification sheets. Test processes are then implemented to compare the functions and properties of the manufactured samples, prototypes, products etc. with the specifications and the results recorded in test reports. The connection between the required and tested characteristic must be able to be made absolutely clear in this instance. Specifications put together in lists (e.g. specification sheets) make referencing simpler due to the entries that are already in place. Graphical presentation formats, such as in technical drawings, generally do not contain any clear tagging of individual →Test characteristics, when they leave the design office. Adding identifiers to the respective characteristic has proven to be viable (see DIN 6550:2006).
A characteristic identifier consists of the graphic characteristic symbol and the, mostly numeric, characteristic number. A clear correlation to the test characteristic is established together with the part number of the technical drawing. Usually when the characteristic attribute is changed (due to a change in the drawing) the same characteristic number remains, the number is blocked on deletion and the next previously unused characteristic number is assigned once a characteristic is added.
Characteristic identifiers were originally, and continue to remain to date, attached to paper drawings manually using a stamp tool and the requirements manually transferred in →Test plans. The process of attaching characteristic markings and transferring characteristic attributes into the test plan has been abbreviated to Stamping since then. The characteristic identifier is designated as Stamp in infra CONVERT. The stamp is formed from Stamp symbol and Stamp inscription (alphanumeric).
→Characteristic categories, for example, can be made visible in infra CONVERT by assigning them with one of the following six stamp symbol shapes as well as a symbol color.
Test plan
A test plan is a working instruction for a (quality) test. A major component in this respect is a compilation of the requirements on the object to be tested (or then process), e. g. in the form of a list of →Test characteristics.
The test plans of a project can be retrieved in infra CONVERT via the Project overview (see User interface > Function window > Project overview). The list of characteristics assigned to a test plan can then be viewed in the Characteristics overview function window (see User interface > Function window > Characteristics overview). The properties of each of the characteristics contained therein are displayed in the Characteristics properties function window (see User interface > Function window > Characteristics properties).
A test plan is exported from infra CONVERT, e.g. for further processing in a →CAQ system, in the form of an exchange format (JSONV1 or DFD, see Administrator Guide infra CONVERT > Export).
A test plan can contain the following information, for example:
Tolerance table
The Tolerance table is the section of a norm that governs the general dimensional, shape and/or positional tolerance for workpieces. The limit values are assigned to nominal dimensional ranges within the table, whereby the limit values are further graded based on the Tolerance classes (also: Tolerance grades or Tolerance series), e.g. “fine, medium, coarse, very coarse” or “intrinsic, not intrinsic”.
General tolerances for length measurements, angle measurements and edge dimensions (curve radii and chamfers) can be automatically assigned to the nominal dimensions in infra CONVERT based on the loaded tolerance tables.
Legal note You do not acquire any user rights to the tolerance tables contained in the infra CONVERT software upon purchase. You yourself must obtain lawful access to the corresponding texts, such as the norms and other agreements. You have the option of creating tolerance tables yourself (see Administrator Guide infra CONVERT > Configuration and import > Tolerance tables) or have them created by us based on your data.
en/infra-convert/user/terms.1549484710.txt.gz · Last modified: 2019/02/06 21:25 by me
